Anatomical Characteristics Of Wood Research Articles

Chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr.) Barr) disease incidence and its effect on the morphological and anatomical features of Castanea sativa trees

AbstractSweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) is an ecologically and economically valuable tree species worldwide. Various pathogens, both endemic or introduced, cause severe damage or death to chestnut trees. Chestnut blight, caused by the fungus Cryphonectria parasitica, is one of the most devastating plant diseases known which influences chestnut trees in all major cultivation regions. The work presented here aimed to investigate how the incidence of chestnut blight varied between trees growing at two altitudes (200–400 m vs. 400–600 m) and to determine the impact of chestnut blight on tree‐ring width, morphology and anatomy of C. sativa trees. The incidence of C. parasitica infections was greater at 200–400 m than at 400–600 m. Greater stem diameters were found at 200–400 m than at 400–600 m. There were no differences in stem diameters and heights, however, between healthy and C. parasitica infected chestnut trees. The anatomical characteristics of wood were also compared between healthy and C. parasitica‐infected chestnut trees. Fibre cell traits (length/width, lumen width, lumen area) were higher in healthy trees than in C. parasitica‐diseased trees. Vessel diameters were greater in infected compared with healthy trees. Tree ring widths and wood anatomical characteristics therefore were significantly influenced by C. parasitica infections.

Anatomical characteristics of the leaning stem in Pinus merkusii seedling

Abstract. Safitri NM, Prastiwi FW, Salsabila S, Feriawan Y, Brilianto A, Nugroho WD. 2023. Anatomical characteristics of the leaning stem in Pinus merkusii seedling. Biodiversitas 24: 3796-3802. Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de Vriese is one of the tropical conifer species. The species formed reaction wood called compression wood (CW) when the stem grows in an abnormal position. CW in stem wood is frequently found to cause several problems for utilization in the use of its products. However, there are few studies on the anatomical characteristics of reaction wood in tropical conifer. This study aimed to observe the differences in anatomical characteristics between compression (CW) and opposite (OW) woods in leaning the stem of P. merkusii seedlings and their anatomical differences compared to normal wood (NW). Approx. 1-year-old P. merkusii seedlings from a nursery in Trenggalek, East Java, Indonesia, that were naturally bent or tilted were used in the study. Anatomical characteristics of wood, namely the dimension of tracheids, rays, resin canals, and the proportion of cells were observed in the study. The results showed that CW of P. merkusii seedlings formed a rounded tracheid shape and intercellular space. The differences between CW and OW in P. merkusii seedlings were significant in terms of height of ray cells, tracheid proportion, and resin canal proportion. However, tracheid length, tracheid diameter, tracheid wall thickness, resin canal diameter and frequency, rays frequency, and ray proportion were not significantly different compared to OW and NW.

Radial variation in anatomical wood characteristics and physical properties of Paulownia elongata x Paulownia fortunei hybrid Cotevisa 2 from fast-growing plantations

The trend of increasing demand for wood raw material is becoming of great global concern. Fast-growing plantations, such as those of Paulownia, are being established in different parts of the world, as a viable alternative to quickly produce quality wood at competitive costs. The presence and proportion of juvenile wood directly influences the capacity and possibilities of industrial transformation for sawn timber, veneer or plywood for furniture, construction or packaging purposes. The objective of the research is to analyze the radial variation of physical and anatomical characteristics of Paulownia elongata x fortune hybrid Cotevisa 2 wood from fast-growing plantations. A sample of 14 trees from a seven-year-old plantation established in Valencia (Spain) with a planting frame of 4 m × 4 m was used. Although there is no data from subsequent rings to the 6th, the obtained results indicate that from the 5th year of growth, the wood of Paulownia elongata x fortunei Cotevisa 2 could stabilize in some key parameters such as the radial growth of the rings, the structure and proportion of the vessels, the structure of the cell wall, the density of the material and the behavior in terms of dimensional stability in the drying process. Thus, for practical purposes, we can indicate that the transition from juvenile wood to mature wood can begin from the 5th year of growth. Enlarging the rotation in few years reduces significantly the presence of juvenile wood and contributes to improve the roundwood quality for added-value solid wood products.

Physical and Acoustical Properties of Wavy Grain Sycamore Maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) Used for Musical Instruments

The wood used in the construction of musical instruments is carefully selected, being the best quality wood from the point of view of the wood structure. However, depending on the anatomical characteristics of the wood, the resonance of wood is classified into quality classes. For example, sycamore maple wood with curly grains is appreciated by luthiers for its three-dimensional optical effect. This study highlights the statistical correlations between the physical and anatomical characteristics of sycamore maple wood and its acoustic and elastic properties, compared to the types of wood historically used in violins. The methods used were based on the determination of the acoustic properties with the ultrasound method, the color of the wood with the three coordinates in the CIELab system and the statistical processing of the data. The sycamore maple wood samples were divided into anatomical quality classes in accordance with the selection made by the luthiers. The results emphasized the multiple correlations between density, brightness, degree of red, width of annual rings, acoustic and elastic properties, depending on the quality classes. In conclusion, the work provides a valuable database regarding the physical–acoustic and elastic properties of sycamore maple wood.

Correlation between Anatomical Grading and Acoustic–Elastic Properties of Resonant Spruce Wood Used for Musical Instruments

This paper deals with the acoustic and elastic properties of resonant wood, classified into four classes, according to the classification of wood quality by the manufacturers of musical instruments. Traditionally, the quality grades of resonant wood are determined on the basis of the visual inspections of the macroscopic characteristics of the wood (annual ring width, regularity, proportion of early and late wood, absence of defects, etc.). Therefore, in this research, we studied whether there are correlations between the acoustic and elastic properties and the anatomical characteristics of wood used for the construction of violins. The results regarding the identification of the anatomical properties of resonant spruce, the wood color, and the acoustic/elastic properties, determined by ultrasonic measurements, were statistically analyzed to highlight the connection between the determined properties. From the statistical analysis, it can be seen that the only variables with the power to separate the quality classes are (in descending order of importance) the speed of sound propagation in the radial direction, Poisson’s ratio in the longitudinal–radial direction, and the speed of propagation of sounds in the longitudinal direction.

Dimensions of Fiber and Jabon Wood Fiber Derivative Value (Anthocephalus cadamba [Roxb] Miq.) in Sialang Dharmasraya and Tabing Padang Regions

Jabon ( Anthocephalus cadamba [Roxb] Miq.) Is a type of wood that is fast growing and has adaptability in various habitat types. Anatomical characteristics of wood are strongly influenced by environmental factors. This study looked at the dimensions of fiber and the derivative value of jabon wood fiber from the Sialang Dharmasraya and Tabing Padang regions. This research is a descriptive research. Observation of fiber dimensions using wood maceration techniques following the Forest Products Laboratory Method . The results showed that the value of wood fiber dimensions from the Sialang area was higher than those from the Tabing area. In Sialang it has wood fiber length of 603.82-1061.23µm, fiber diameter of 12.37-21.22µm, lumen diameter of 3.81-12.97µm, and wall thickness of 2.75-7.49µm. Whereas, in the Tabing area it has wood fiber length of 592.91-844.38µm, fiber diameter 11.80-20.35µm, lumen diameter 6.14-14.35m, and wall thickness of 1.91-4.54µm. The derivative value of jabon Tabing wood fiber is higher ( runkel ratio 0.63-0.62, felting power 41.49-50.25, flexibility ratio 0.70-0.52, coefficient of rigidity 0.22-0.16 and mulsteph ratio 50.27-72.92%) compared to Sialang area ( runkel ratio 1.15-1.44, felting power 50.01-48.81, flexibility ratio 0.61-0.30, coefficient of rigidity 0.35-0.22, and mulsteph ratio 62.64 to 90.51%). The quality value of jabon wood fiber at Tabing is better than Sialang. The results of this study can be used as information in jabon wood cultivation.

Effect of planting density on wood anatomy in Eucalyptus and Acacia from Brazil

The effect of planting density on the anatomical characteristics of wood is still matter of debate. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of planting density on the variation of wood anatomical elements in Eucalyptus and Acacia trees cultivated in areas of high planting density (monospecific) and low planting density (mixed) stands. The fiber length, fiber width, fiber lumen diameter, cell wall thickness, vessel diameter and vessel frequency were evaluated. The measurements were made from wood discs taken from five Eucalyptus urophylla x E. grandis trees and five Acacia mangium trees grown in high planting density (monospecific plantations, 1667 trees/ha) and in low planting density (mixed stands, 500 trees/ha), totalizing 20 trees at 4.5 years old. Eucalyptus and Acacia produced wood with shorter fibers and smaller vessels in high density stands, when compared to its equivalent in low density. Acacia presented more frequent vessels and fibers with walls thicker than its equivalent in low planting density. Eucalyptus presented longer and thinner fibers and vessels more frequent than Acacia, regardless of planting density. On the other hand, in high planting density, Acacia presented fibers with walls thicker than Eucalyptus and in low density of planting their vessels were larger.

Características físicas e anatômicas da madeira de Tectona grandis L.f. aos 7 anos de idade

This work aimed at the physical and anatomical characterization of Tectona grandis wood obtained from thinning, at 7 years. Five commercially planted trees were selected and wood discs were cut in different base-top positions (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the total height) for the determination of wood basic density and samples were obtained in three radial positions to fibers (length, width, diameter of lumen and wall thickness) and vessels (diameter, occupied area and frequency) dimensions. Tortoises were also cut from the basal area of the trunk and test specimens were obtained to determine wood retractability (retraction, swelling and anisotropic factor). The mean wood density found was 0.40 g.cm-3. The mean values of axial and radial retraction, volumetric retractability and anisotropic retraction factor are considerably high, indicating dimensional instability of the species. The evaluations of the physical and anatomical characteristics of wood indicated that the structures formed by the cambium have not yet reached the stabilization of their dimensions, and it is not indicated for the applications of the adult Teak wood as in the construction naval and furniture.

Relationships of wood anatomy with growth and wood density in three Norway spruce clones of Finnish origin

The relationships between anatomical characteristics of wood, growth, and wood density were studied in three Finnish Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) clones, which had differences in average stem volume and wood density. This was done to determine which anatomical characteristics are affected by growth and which affect wood density and to determine if clones of different geographical origins (Southeastern, C43; Southern, C308; Southwestern, C332) differ from each other in these respects. In this study, tracheid double wall thickness, lumen diameter, and wall to lumen ratio, numbers, sizes, and percentages of resin canals, and numbers of rays were correlated with ring, earlywood, and latewood widths and densities. The wood density correlated positively with the wall to lumen diameter ratio. Rapid growth decreased the number of rays independently of the clone. Furthermore, the effects of growth on the number and size of resin canals depended strongly on the clone. C332 had very thin tracheid walls in...

Axial variations in anatomical properties and basic density of Eucalypt urograndis hybrid (Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla) clones

We studied two clones of Eucalypturograndis hybrid (Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla), GR283 and GR330, grown in Tumkur district of Karnataka (India), and felled 5–6 years old three trees of each clone. We recorded axial variations in heartwood content, bark properties, wood density and anatomical characteristics of wood including fibre length, fibre diameter, fibre wall thickness, lumen diameter, vessel frequency, vessel diameter and vessel element length. Clone GR283 had about 10 % heartwood, significantly lower than for clone GR330 (37 %). Basic wood density along the tree height varied significantly within and between the clones. We observed significant variations in fibre length, fibre diameter and wall thickness within and between the two clones. Vessel frequency and vessel element length did not vary but vessel diameter differed significantly between the clones. With a greater proportion of sapwood, clone GR283 can be utilized for paper and pulp applications. Clone GR330 had a higher proportion of heartwood and lower wood density and, hence, is more suitable for light-weight material applications.

The Prediction of Wood Properties from Anatomical Characteristics: The Case of Common Commercial Malaysian Timbers

This study established a predictive relationship between the material properties and the anatomical characteristics of common commercial Malaysian timbers. Anatomical databases were analysed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), a Duncan test, and the Spearman and Pearson correlation tests, and then modelled using multiple regression (stepwise method with constant excluded). The correlation tests revealed that the properties and anatomical characteristics of the wood were strongly correlated. The predictability of the resulting equation models was quite high. The equation models were able to relate various anatomical characteristics to wood texture, porosity, density, radial shrinkage, modulus of elasticity, and compression parallel to grain. This finding suggests that the relationship between the properties and the anatomical characteristics of wood can be described successfully using multiple regression equation models.

Inclined planing impact on surface morphology

In the frame of a more comprehensive research study on the impact of the angle of a cutter head inclination as regards the direction of the feed movement, on characteristics of such a tooling process, it is particularly interesting to expose the question of the impact of the angle inclination on the real quality of a surface generated by this working process. The properties of the newly generated surface were evaluated on the basis of the characteristics of the surface profile measured in the feed direction movement. The measured profile of the real surface was treated as a coincidental function by using the methods for random function analysis. Series of measurements were performed for the two wood species, at two different speeds of feed, and two various angles of cutter head inclination. The surface characteristics of wood generated by a tooling process were compared to those of «KOTERM«, plastic material generated in the same way, under the same conditions. The proportion of the deterministic impact on the surface profile was evaluated which is represented by the tool movement through the wood piece, and by coincidental influence which is the consequence of anatomical wood characteristics and non-homogeneity. The proved periodicity of the measured surface profiles, the wavelength of this periodicity, and arithmetic standard deviation of the profile in an ordinate direction, prove the deterministic impact of the tools movement through the working piece on the in this way generated factual surface profile within the conditions under which the research was performed. The research shows that the standard deviation of the inclination of the profile is a characteristic feature, characterising the degree of the coincidental impact on the generated surface profile. It proves that the wood species has its impact on this characteristic, as does the angle of cutter head inclination.

Adsorption capacities and related characteristics of wood charcoals carbonized using a one-step or two-step process

Sugi (Cryptomeria japonlca D. Don) wood powder was carbonized at varying temperatures by a onestep process up to 1000‡C and a two-step process using wood charcoal as the raw material up to 1600‡C. This study was conducted to evaluate the adsorptive properties of wood charcoal and discuss the mechanism of its adsorptive function in relation to the physical and anatomical characteristics of wood after carbonization. Anatomical characteristics of carbonized wood materials were directly observed under heating using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM); the cell wall structures were analyzed by high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). The largest weight losses were observed at the highest temperatures, in both the one-step and twostep processes but leveled off above 800‡C. Shrinkages in the tangential, radial, and longitudinal directions increased with carbonization temperature, peaking at 1000‡C. Direct observations by ESEM showed distinct shrinkage at around 400‡C. The first trial observations by HRTEM on the changes in the ultrastructure of cell walls of wood charcoals were done, and it was assumed to affect the formation of micropores. Adsorption was found to follow the Langmuir isotherm model. With the one-step carbonization process, the iodine adsorption capacities of the carbonized wood powders increased with increasing carbonization temperature, peaking at 800‡C, but decreased at higher temperatures. The wood powder carbonized at 1000‡C with the two-step process showed the highest capacity, but further heating up to 1400‡C drastically decreased the adsorption. The shrinkage of cells was related to the increases and decreases in its specific surface area. Specific surface area and total pore volume were evidently related to the adsorptive properties.

Influence of veneer wood species on plywood formaldehyde emission and content

Gaertn.), Beech (Fagus silvatica L.), Ilomba (Pycnathus angolensis Exell) and Okume (Aucoumea klaineana Pierre), all widely used in wood processing factories. Plywood formaldehyde emission and content have been determined according to CEN standards EN 717-2 and EN 120, respectively. Wood porosity and the overall exposed surface of vessels in the edges of plywood have been measured as well. This investigation has permitted to establish the correlation between plywood formaldehyde emission and content and the above mentioned physical and anatomical wood characteristics.

Drying and anatomical characteristics of sugi wood attacked by bacteria during pond storage

Seven species of bacteria were isolated and identified from ponded sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) logs, and six species showed potent wood-degrading activities. To evaluate the effects of these isolated bacteria on the drying and anatomical characteristics of wood, small fresh blocks of sugi were immersed in water suspensions containing bacteria for 1–7 months. The permeability and drying properties were evidently improved. Most of the encrusting substances adhering to the cell lumens and the pit chambers were removed, and the pit membranes were destroyed. These anatomical changes due to bacterial activity were assumed to improve the permeability of sugi wood.